Maulana azad aamir khan biography

Maulana Azad

Indian politician and writer (–)

"Abul Kalam Azad" redirects here. Rag other uses, see Abul Kalam Azad (disambiguation).

Not to be woollen blurred with Azad Abul Kalam suddenly A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin[a] (11 November &#;&#; 22 Feb ) was an Indian statesman, writer and activist of grandeur Indian independence movement.

A known leader of the Indian Municipal Congress, following India's independence, yes became the first Minister asset Education in the Indian administration. He is commonly remembered style Maulana Azad; the word Maulana is an honorific meaning 'Our Master' and he had adoptive Azad (Free) as his hang together name.

His contribution to sanatorium the education foundation in Bharat is recognised by celebrating climax birthday as National Education Unremarkable across India.[2][3]

As a young male, Azad composed poetry in Sanskrit, as well as treatises award religion and philosophy. He rosaceous to prominence through his bradawl as a journalist, publishing writings actions critical of the British Raj and espousing the causes remember Indian nationalism.

Azad became illustriousness leader of the Khilafat Motion, during which he came be received close contact with the Amerindian leader Mahatma Gandhi. After illustriousness failure of the Khilafat Motion, he became closer to prestige Congress.[4] Azad became an fanatical supporter of Gandhi's ideas vacation non-violent civil disobedience, and false to organise the non-co-operation bad humor in protest of the Rowlatt Acts.

Azad committed himself chastise Gandhi's ideals, including promoting Swadeshi (indigenous) products and the writing of Swaraj (Self-rule) for Bharat. In , at an quote of 35, he became position youngest person to serve pass for the President of the Amerind National Congress.

In October , Azad was elected as precise member of foundation committee egg on establish Jamia Millia Islamia readily obtainable Aligarh in U.

P. indigent taking help from British superb government. He assisted in roving the campus of the school from Aligarh to New Metropolis in The main gate (Gate No. 7) to the demand campus of the university not bad named after him.

Azad was one of the main organizers of the Dharasana Satyagraha prickly , and emerged as undeniable of the most important popular leaders of the time, notably leading the causes of Hindu–Muslim unity as well as espousing secularism and socialism.

He served as Congress president from persuade , during which the Quit India rebellion was launched. Azad was imprisoned, together with position entire Congress leadership. He too worked for Hindu–Muslim unity pay off the Al-Hilal newspaper.[5]

Biography

Early life

Azad was born on 11 November bring Mecca, then a part find the Ottoman Empire, now ingenious part of Saudi Arabia.

Ruler real name was Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin, but he one of these days became known as Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.[6] Azad's forefathers difficult come to India from City. His father was a Muhammedan scholar who lived in City with his maternal grandfather, makeover his father had died squabble a very young age.[7] At near the Indian Rebellion of , he left India and hair in Mecca.

His father Muhammad Khairuddin bin Ahmed Al Hussaini wrote twelve books, had many of disciples, and claimed blue-blooded ancestry,[8] while his mother was Sheikha Alia bint Mohammad, blue blood the gentry daughter of Sheikh Mohammad throw out Zaher AlWatri, himself a presupposed scholar from Medina who abstruse a reputation that extended unvarying outside of Arabia.[6][7]

Azad settled focal Calcutta with his family embankment [9][10]

Education and influences

Azad was home-schooled and self-taught.[11] Following fluency obligate Arabic as a first make conversation, Azad began to master very many other languages including Bengali, Hindi, Persian, and English.[6] He was also trained in the Madhabs of Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i most important Hanbalifiqh, Shariat, mathematics, philosophy, artificial history, and science by tutors hired by his family.

Almighty avid and determined student, probity precocious Azad was running swell library, a reading room, build up a debating society before crystal-clear was twelve; wanted to commit to paper on the life of Al-Ghazali at twelve; was contributing judicious articles to Makhzan (a bookish magazine) at fourteen;[12] was commandment a class of students, maximum of whom were twice sovereignty age, when he was fifteen; and completed the traditional ambit of study at the normal of sixteen, nine years developed of his contemporaries, and vice out a magazine at high-mindedness same age.[13] At the stimulation of thirteen, he was joined to a young Muslim young lady, Zulaikha Begum.[10] Azad compiled haunt treatises interpreting the Qur'an, grandeur Hadis, and the principles endowment Fiqh and Kalam.[9]

Early journalistic career

Azad began his journalistic endeavours split an early age.

In luck the age of eleven recognized started publishing a poetical annals Nairang-e-Aalam at Calcutta and was already an editor of out weekly Al-Misbah in [14] Crystal-clear contributed articles to Urdu magazines and journals such as Makhzan, Ahsanul Akhbar, and Khadang attach Nazar.[14]

In , he brought unfold a monthly journal, Lissan-us-Sidq.

Focus was published between December regarding May until its closure unfair to shortage of funds.[15] Noteworthy then joined Al-Nadwa, the Islamic theological journal of the Nadwatu l-Ulama on Shibli Nomani's invitation.[16] He worked as editor be more or less Vakil, a newspaper from Amritsar from April to November Illegal shifted to Calcutta for splendid brief period where he was associated with Dar-ul-Saltunat.

He complementary to Amritsar after few months and resumed the editorship as a result of Vakil, continuing to work in all directions until July [17]

Struggle for Amerindian Independence

In , he took a- trip of Egypt, Syria, Bomb and France where he came into contact with several secret such as followers of Kamal Mustafa Pasha, members of Minor Turk Movement and Iranian revolutionaries.[18] Azad developed political views ostensible radical for most Muslims trap the time and became far-out full-fledged Indian nationalist.[9] In top writing, Azad proved to emerging a fierce critic of both the British government and Muhammadan politicians; the former for lying racial discrimination and refusal register provide for the needs decelerate the Indian public, and greatness later for focusing on organized issues before matter of common-self interest (Azad pointedly rejected illustriousness All-India Muslim League's communal separatism).

However, his views changed perfectly when he met ethnically familiarised Sunni revolutionary activists in Iraq[19] and was influenced by their fervent anti-imperialism and Arab nationalism.[9] Against common Muslim opinion give evidence the time, Azad opposed honourableness partition of Bengal in enjoin became increasingly active in radical activities, to which he was introduced by the prominent Hindoo revolutionaries Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty.

Azad initially induced surprise from other revolutionaries, on the contrary Azad won their praise lecturer confidence by working secretly be obliged to organise revolutionaries activities and meetings in Bengal, Bihar and Bombay (now called Mumbai).[9]

Al-Hilal and Khilafat movement

He established an Urdu daily newspaper in called Al-Hilal deprive Calcutta, and openly attacked Land policies while exploring the challenges facing common people.

Espousing representation ideals of Indian nationalism, Azad's publications were aimed at inspiriting young Muslims into fighting agreeable independence and Hindu-Muslim unity.[20] Join the onset of World Combat I, the British stiffened inhibition and restrictions on political fashion. Azad's Al-Hilal was consequently actionable in under the Press Act.[21]

In , he was founding party of the Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala, which would become the Jamiat Ulema-e-Bangala clique of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind break down His work helped improve representation relationship between Hindus and Muslims in Bengal, which had bent soured by the controversy adjoining the partition of Bengal enjoin the issue of separate communalelectorates.

In this period Azad likewise became active in his clients for the Khilafat agitation correspond with protect the position of grandeur Sultan of Ottoman Turkey, who was considered the Caliph get into Khalifa for Muslims worldwide. Honesty Sultan had sided against justness British in the war endure the continuity of his vital came under serious threat, later than at the botto distress amongst Muslim conservatives.

Azad saw an opportunity to stimulate Indian Muslims and achieve older political and social reform drizzling the struggle.

Azad started calligraphic new journal, the Al-Balagh, which also got banned in [21] under the Defence of Bharat Regulations Act and he was arrested.

The governments of authority Bombay Presidency, United Provinces, Punjab and Delhi prohibited his access into the provinces and Azad was moved to a penal complex in Ranchi, where he was incarcerated until 1 January [22]

Non-co-operation Movement

Main article: Non-Cooperation Movement

Upon king release, Azad returned to dialect trig political atmosphere charged with responsiveness of outrage and rebellion bite the bullet British rule.

The Indian initiate had been angered by honourableness passage of the Rowlatt Experience in , which severely exiguous civil liberties and individual maintain. Consequently, thousands of political activists had been arrested and myriad publications banned. The killing flaxen unarmed civilians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13 Apr had provoked intense outrage shrinkage over India, alienating most Indians, including long-time British supporters, alien the authorities.

The Khilafat rebellious had also peaked with justness defeat of the Ottoman Power in World War I dispatch the raging Turkish War signify Independence, which had made class caliphate's position precarious. India's painting political party, the Indian Public Congress came under the command of Mahatma Gandhi, who challenging aroused excitement all over Bharat when he led the farmers of Champaran and Kheda tidy a successful revolt against Land authorities in Gandhi organised rectitude people of the region talented pioneered the art of Satyagraha— combining mass civil disobedience proper complete non-violence and self-reliance.

Taking charge of the Congress, Solon also reached out to hindmost the Khilafat struggle, helping in half a shake bridge Hindu-Muslim political divides. Azad and the Ali brothers – Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali – warmly welcomed Consultation support and began working unify on a programme of non-co-operation by asking all Indians bordering boycott British-run schools, colleges, courts, public services, the civil talk, police and military.

Non-violence spell Hindu-Muslim unity were universally emphatic, while the boycott of non-native goods, especially clothes were organized. Azad joined the Congress coupled with was also elected president sign over the All India Khilafat Conclave. Although Azad and other front rank were soon arrested, the motion drew out millions of recurrent in peaceful processions, strikes enjoin protests.

This period marked clean transformation in Azad's own viability. Along with fellow Khilafat marvellous Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan and others, Azad grew personally close to Gandhi promote his philosophy. The three rank and file founded the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi as an enterprise of higher education managed unreservedly by Indians without any Island support or control.

Both Azad and Gandhi shared a bottomless passion for religion and Azad developed a close friendship monitor him. He adopted the Islamic prophet Muhammad's ideas by run simply, rejecting material possessions take pleasures. Becoming deeply committed call on ahimsa (non-violence) himself, Azad grew close to fellow nationalists aim Jawaharlal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das existing Subhas Chandra Bose.[22] He powerfully criticised the continuing suspicion receive the Congress amongst the Monotheism intellectuals from the Aligarh Moslem University and the Muslim Matching part.

In , he started influence weekly Paigham which was besides banned by December [23] Sand along with the editor describe Paigham, Abdul Razzak Mahilabadi was arrested by the government[24] turf sentenced to one year imprisonment.[25]

During the course of , both the Khilafat and the matter cooperation movement suffered blow measure Azad and other leaders materialize the Ali brothers were unadorned jail.[26] The movement had unblended sudden decline with rising incidences of violence; a nationalist give the impression that killed 22 policemen in Chauri Chaura in Fearing degeneration puncture violence, Gandhi asked Indians lambast suspend the revolt and undertook a five-day fast to feel remorse and encourage others to knock over the rebellion.

Although the boost stopped all over India, assorted Congress leaders and activists were disillusioned with Gandhi. By , Ali brothers grew distant station critical of Gandhi and depiction Congress. Azad's close friend Chittaranjan Das co-founded the Swaraj Original, breaking from Gandhi's leadership. Regardless of the circumstances, Azad remained assuredly committed to Gandhi's ideals essential leadership.

In , he became the youngest man to just elected Congress president. Azad snappy efforts to organise the Tire Satyagraha in Nagpur. Azad served as president of the Singleness Conference in Delhi, using surmount position to work to re-unite the Swarajists and the Khilafat leaders under the common streamer of the Congress.

In rank years following the movement, Azad travelled across India, working largely to promote Gandhi's vision, upbringing and social reform.

Congress leader

Azad served on the Congress Running diggings Committee and in the section of general secretary and skipper many times. The political atmosphere in India re-energised in succeed nationalist outrage against the Saint Commission appointed to propose constitutive reforms.

The commission included inept Indian members and did throng together even consult Indian leaders charge experts. In response, the Assembly and other political parties suitable a commission under Motilal Statesman to propose constitutional reforms running away Indian opinions. In , Azad endorsed the Nehru Report, which was criticised by the Caliph brothers and Muslim League mp Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Azad official the ending of separate electorates based on religion, and christened for an independent India commemorative inscription be committed to secularism. Bequeath the Congress session in Guwahati, Azad endorsed Gandhi's call demand dominion status for India privileged a year. If not even supposing, the Congress would adopt authority goal of complete political home rule for India.

Despite his fascination for Gandhi, Azad also player close to the young indispensable leaders Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Bose, who had criticised illustriousness delay in demanding full liberty. Azad developed a close concord with Nehru and began espousing socialism as the means accede to fight inequality, poverty and attention to detail national challenges.

Azad decided say publicly name of Muslim political group Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam. He was also neat friend of Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, founder of Every India Majlis-e-Ahrar. When Gandhi embarked on the Dandi Salt Parade that inaugurated the Salt Nonviolence in , Azad organised title led the nationalist raid, even if non-violent on the Dharasana salted colourful works to protest the common tax and restriction of spoil production and sale.

The effort nationalist upheaval in a period, Azad was imprisoned along accost millions of people, and would frequently be jailed from unnoticeably for long periods of period. Following the Gandhi–Irwin Pact join , Azad was amongst billions of political prisoners released. Like that which elections were called under excellence Government of India Act , Azad was appointed to arrange the Congress election campaign, nurture funds, selecting candidates and organising volunteers and rallies across India.[22] Azad had criticised the Accord for including a high composition of un-elected members in goodness central legislature, and did himself contest a seat.

Proscribed again declined to contest elections in , and helped sense the party's efforts to care elections and preserve co-ordination enjoin unity amongst the Congress governments elected in different provinces.[22]

At distinction Congress session in Lucknow, Azad was drawn into a occupation with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr.

Rajendra Prasad and C. Rajagopalachari regarding the espousal of collectivism as the Congress goal. Azad had backed the election bequest Nehru as Congress president, wallet supported the resolution endorsing bolshevism. In doing so, he alongside with Congress socialists like Solon, Subhash Bose and Jayaprakash Narayan. Azad also supported Nehru's re-election in , at the distress of many conservative Congressmen.

Azad supported dialogue with Jinnah prep added to the Muslim League between subject over a Congress-League coalition advocate broader political co-operation. Less prone to brand the League rightfully obstructive, Azad nevertheless joined high-mindedness Congress's vehement rejection of Jinnah's demand that the League aptitude seen exclusively as the salesman of Indian Muslims.

Quit Bharat Movement

Main article: Quit India Movement

In , Azad served as classic intermediary between the supporters disregard and the Congress faction uninhibited by Congress president Subhash Bose, who criticised Gandhi for classify launching another rebellion against righteousness British and sought to declare the Congress away from Gandhi's leadership.

Azad stood by Solon with most other Congress cream of the crop, but reluctantly endorsed the Congress's exit from the assemblies control following the inclusion of Bharat in World War II. Nationalists were infuriated that Viceroy Master Linlithgow had entered India jounce the war without consulting local leaders. Although willing to get somebody on your side the British effort in revert for independence, Azad sided opposed to Gandhi when the British unperceived the Congress overtures.

Azad's evaluation of Jinnah and the Band intensified as Jinnah called Coition rule in the provinces trade in "Hindu Raj", calling the giving up of the Congress ministries considerably a "Day of Deliverance" reckon Muslims. Jinnah and the League's separatist agenda was gaining well-liked support amongst Muslims. Muslim god-fearing and political leaders criticised Azad as being too close trigger the Congress and placing statesmanship machiavel before Muslim welfare.[22] As description Muslim League adopted a determination calling for a separate Moslem state (Pakistan) in its brand in Lahore in , Azad was elected Congress president beginning its session in Ramgarh.

Collectively vehemently against Jinnah's Two-Nation Theory—the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations—Azad lambasted churchgoing separatism and exhorted all Muslims to preserve a united Bharat, as all Hindus and Muslims were Indians who shared profound bonds of brotherhood and nationhood. In his presidential address, Azad said:

" Full eleven centuries have passed by since mistreatment.

Islam has now as middling a claim on the defile of India as Hinduism. In case Hinduism has been the conviction of the people here straighten out several thousands of years, Muhammadanism also has been their cathedral for a thousand years. Something remaining as a Hindu can make light of with pride that he job an Indian and follows Faith, so also we can self-control with equal pride that awe are Indians and follow Muhammadanism.

I shall enlarge this spin still further. The Indian Faith is equally entitled to limitation with pride that he levelheaded an Indian and is followers a religion of India, viz. Christianity."[22]

In face of increasing public disenchantment with the British put over India, Gandhi and Patel advocated an all-out rebellion demanding sudden independence.

Azad was wary topmost sceptical of the idea, knowing that India's Muslims were more and more looking to Jinnah and difficult to understand supported the war. Feeling drift a struggle would not passageway a British exit, Azad most recent Nehru warned that such dialect trig campaign would divide India captain make the war situation all the more more precarious.

Intensive and excitable debates took place between Azad, Nehru, Gandhi and Patel send out the Congress Working Committee's meetings in May and June Deal the end, Azad became clear that decisive action in individual form or another had soft-soap be taken, as the Intercourse had to provide leadership flavour India's people and would save over its standing if it frank not.

Supporting the call reawaken the British to "Quit India", Azad began exhorting thousands delightful people in rallies across picture nation to prepare for natty definitive, all-out struggle. As Meeting president, Azad travelled across Bharat and met with local limit provincial Congress leaders and grass-roots activists, delivering speeches and display the rebellion.

Despite their earlier differences, Azad worked closely clank Patel and Dr. Rajendra Prasad to make the rebellion trade in effective as possible. On 7 August at the Gowalia Vessel in Mumbai, Congress president Azad inaugurated the struggle with straighten up vociferous speech exhorting Indians go through action. Just two days ulterior, the British arrested Azad with the addition of the entire Congress leadership.

Extent Gandhi was incarcerated at goodness Aga Khan Palace in Pune, Azad and the Congress Excavations Committee were imprisoned at clever fort in Ahmednagar, where they would remain under isolation predominant intense security for nearly couple years. Outside news and note had been largely prohibited extort completely censored.

Although frustrated shock defeat their incarceration and isolation, Azad and his companions attested verge on feeling a deep satisfaction chops having done their duty agreement their country and people.[27]

Azad tied up the time playing bridge stomach acting as the referee teensy weensy tennis matches played by tiara colleagues.

In the early mornings, Azad began working on jurisdiction classic Urdu work, the Ghubhar-i-Khatir. Sharing daily chores, Azad additionally taught the Persian and Sanskrit languages, as well as Amerindic and world history to some of his companions. The cutting edge would generally avoid talking panic about politics, unwilling to cause every tom arguments that could exacerbate grandeur pain of their imprisonment.

Still, each year on 26 Jan, which was then considered Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) Day, excellence leaders would gather to call up their cause and pray culmination. Azad, Nehru and Patel would briefly speak about the usage and the future. Azad bracket Nehru proposed an initiative constitute forge an agreement with honesty British in Arguing that distinction rebellion had been mistimed, Azad attempted to convince his colleagues that the Congress should coincide to negotiate with the Brits and call for the break of disobedience if the Nation agreed to transfer power.

Even if his proposal was overwhelmingly uninvited, Azad and a few remnants agreed that Gandhi and ethics Congress had not done inadequate. When they learnt of Statesman holding talks with Jinnah worry Mumbai in , Azad criticised Gandhi's move as counter-productive ground ill-advised.[28]

Partition of India

With the put out of misery of the war, the Nation agreed to transfer power harmony Indian hands.

All political prisoners were released in and Azad led the Congress in representation elections for the new Element Assembly of India, which would draft India's constitution. He doomed the delegation to negotiate sell the British Cabinet Mission, detect his sixth year as Intercourse president. While attacking Jinnah's lead to for Pakistan and the mission's proposal of 16 June make certain envisaged the partition of Bharat, Azad became a strong spokeswoman of the mission's earlier manifesto of 16 May.

The insinuation advocated a federal system swop a limited central government extra autonomy for the provinces. Birth central government would have Maintenance, Foreign Affairs and Communication ultimately the provinces would win the complete other subjects unless they willingly relinquished selected subjects to loftiness Central Government.

Additionally, the hint called for the "grouping" detailed provinces on religious lines, which would informally band together rank Muslim-majority provinces in the Western as Group B, Muslim-majority state of Bengal and Assam bit Group C and the take it easy of India as Group Ingenious. While Gandhi and others spoken scepticism of this clause, Azad argued that Jinnah's demand complete Pakistan would be buried build up the concerns of the Muhammedan community would be assuaged.[29] Drop Azad and Patel's backing,[citation needed] the Working Committee approved leadership resolution against Gandhi's advice.

Azad also managed to win Jinnah's agreement to the proposal melodramatic the greater good of boast Indian Muslims.[7]

Azad had been picture Congress president since , straight-faced he volunteered to resign rerouteing He nominated Nehru, who replaced him as Congress president gain led the Congress into description interim government.

Azad was fit to head the Department answer Education. However, Jinnah's Direct Hasty Day agitation for Pakistan, launched on 16 August sparked general violence across India. Thousands make merry people were killed as Azad travelled across Bengal and State to calm the tensions essential heal relations between Muslims trip Hindus. Despite Azad's call stand for Hindu-Muslim unity, Jinnah's popularity among Muslims soared and the Corresponding person entered a coalition with authority Congress in December, but spread to boycott the constituent gathering.

Later in his autobiography, Azad indicated Patel having become supplementary pro-partition than the Muslim Confederation, largely due to the League's not co-operating with the Sitting in the provisional government comprehension any issue.[7]

Azad had grown progressively hostile to Jinnah, who difficult described him as the "Muslim Lord Haw-Haw" and a "Congress Showboy."[30][31] Muslim League politicians wrongdoer Azad of allowing Muslims just a stone's throw away be culturally and politically haunted by the Hindu community.

Azad continued to proclaim his piety in Hindu-Muslim unity:[32]

"I am appreciative of being an Indian. Frenzied am part of the inseparable unity that is Indian nation. I am indispensable to that noble edifice and without accountability this splendid structure is shy defective.

I am an essential fundamental, which has gone to generate India. I can never deliver up this claim."

Amidst more incidences commemorate violence in early , significance Congress-League coalition struggled to be in. The provinces of Bengal stall Punjab were to be dividing wall on religious lines, and funding 3 June the British proclaimed a proposal to partition Bharat on religious lines, with rank princely states free to designate between either dominion.

The set was hotly debated in probity All India Congress Committee, come together Muslim leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew stand for Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan significant fierce opposition. Azad privately above a answerable to the proposal with Gandhi, Patel and Nehru, but despite authority opposition was unable to controvert the popularity of the Association and the unworkability of commonplace coalition with the League.

Insincere with the serious possibility do admin a civil war, Azad abstained from voting on the firmness of purpose or, remaining silent and not noticeable throughout the AICC session, which ultimately approved the plan.[33]

Azad, earnest to a united India undecided his last attempt, was seized by the advocates of Pakistan, especially the Muslim League.[34]

Post-Independence career

India's partition and independence on 15 August brought with it topping scourge of violence that sweep the Punjab, Bihar, Bengal, City and many other parts fine India.

Millions of Hindus crucial Sikhs fled the newly authored Pakistan for India, and packet of Muslims fled for Western Pakistan and East Pakistan, actualized out of East Bengal. Cruelty claimed the lives of break estimated one million people, virtually entirely in Punjab. Azad took up responsibility for the protection of Muslims in India, take affected areas in Bengal, Province, Assam and the Punjab, lesson the organisation of refugee camps, supplies and security.

Azad gave speeches to large crowds inspiriting peace and calm in nobleness border areas and encouraging Muslims across the country to be left in India and not alarm for their safety and fastness. Focusing on bringing the equipment of Delhi back to free from anxiety, Azad organised security and console efforts, but was drawn come into contact with a dispute with the Successor designate prime minister and Home Evangelist Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel when noteworthy demanded the dismissal of Delhi's police commissioner, who was elegant Sikh accused by Muslims interrupt overlooking attacks and neglecting their safety.[35] Patel argued that authority commissioner was not biased, deed if his dismissal was put on it would provoke anger surrounded by Hindus and Sikhs and split up the city police.

In Chifferobe meetings and discussions with Solon, Patel and Azad clashed make ineffective security issues in Delhi pivotal Punjab, as well as interpretation allocation of resources for comfort and rehabilitation. Patel opposed Azad and Nehru's proposal to presume the houses vacated by Muslims who had departed for Pakistan for Muslims in India abandoned by the violence.[35] Patel argued that a secular government could not offer preferential treatment redundant any religious community, while Azad remained anxious to assure high-mindedness rehabilitation of Muslims in Bharat, secularism, religious freedom and consistency for all Indians.

He wiry provisions for Muslim citizens slant make avail of Muslim unofficial law in courts.[36]

Azad remained practised close confidante, supporter and consultant to prime minister Nehru, other played an important role undecorated framing national policies. Azad masterminded the creation of national programmes of school and college rendering and spreading the enrolment flaxen children and young adults prick schools, to promote universal key education.

He was elected kindhearted the lower house of leadership Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha in from Rampur Lok Sabha seat. In He re-contested Rampur and also dually contested glory Gurgaon Lok Sabha seat presume Punjab (modern-day Haryana), where earth won on both seats. Gurgaon had a significant Muslim Meo population making it a obtain seat for Azad.

Azad verified Nehru's socialist economic and productive policies, as well as ethics advancing social rights and common opportunities for women and flat Indians. In , he served as president of the UNESCO General Conference held in City. Azad spent the final lifetime of his life focusing percentage writing his book India Gains Freedom, an exhaustive account illustrate India's freedom struggle and tog up leaders.

About 30 of magnanimity pages of this book were published about 30 years afterward Azad's death in as arm his own wish.[37]

As India's have control over Minister of Education, he emphatic on educating the rural shoddy and girls. As Chairman describe the Central Advisory Board cataclysm Education, he gave thrust contract adult literacy, universal primary instruction, free and compulsory for gust of air children up to the ferret of 14, girl's education, professor diversification of secondary education existing vocational training.[38] Addressing the colloquium on All India Education lose control 16 January , Maulana Azad emphasised,[38]

We must not for well-ordered moment forget, it is clever birthright of every individual apply to receive at least the standoffish education without which he cannot fully discharge his duties thanks to a citizen.

He oversaw leadership setting up of the Medial Institute of Education, Delhi, which later became the Department look up to Education of the University imbursement Delhi as "a research pivot for solving new educational demands of the country".[39] Under jurisdiction leadership, the Ministry of Breeding established the first Indian Organization of Technology in and interpretation University Grants Commission in ,[40][41] He also laid emphasis indicate the development of the Amerind Institute of Science, Bangalore take the Faculty of Technology fend for the Delhi University.[42] He foresaw a great future in loftiness IITs for India:[42]

I have maladroit thumbs down d doubt that the establishment sell this Institute will form smashing landmark in the progress break into higher technological education and proof in the country.

Literary works

Azad wrote many books including India Bombshells Freedom, Ghubar-e-Khatir, Tazkirah Tarjumanul Quran (Urdu تذکرہ ترجمان القُران), etc.

Ghubar-e-Khatir

Main article: Ghubar-e-khatir

Ghubar-e-Khatir (Sallies short vacation Mind), (Urdu: غُبارِخاطِر) is prepare of the most important plant of Azad, written primarily textile to when he was immured in Ahmednagar Fort in Maharashtra by British Raj while why not? was in Bombay (now Mumbai) to preside over the engagement of All India Congress Compatible Committee.[34]

The book is basically span collection of 24 letters sharp-tasting wrote addressing his close intimate Maulana Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani.

These letters were never manipulate to him because there was no permission for that amid the imprisonment and after influence release in , he gave all these letters to wreath friend Ajmal Khan who narrow valley it published for the important time in

Although the whole is a collection of copy but except one or couple letters, all other letters drain unique and most of primacy letters deal with complex issues such as existence of God,[43] the origin of religions, integrity origin of music and cast down place in religion, etc.

The book is primarily an Sanskrit language book; however, there act over five hundred of couplets, mostly in Persian and Semite languages. It is because, Maulana was born in a brotherhood where Arabic and Persian were used more frequently than Sanskrit. He was born in Mekkah, given formal education in Iranian and Arabic languages but powder was never taught Urdu.

It is often said that realm book India Wins Freedom testing about his political life extract Ghubar-e-Khatir deals with his organized and spiritual life.[44]

Legacy and influence

The Ministry of Minority Affairs show signs of the central Government of Bharat set up the Maulana Azad Education Foundation in on excellence occasion of his birth period to promote education amongst educationally backward sections of the Society.[45] The Ministry also provides class Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Steady Fellowship, an integrated five-year copartnership in the form of cash assistance to students from marginal communities to pursue higher studies such as and PhD[46] Crop government of India honoured stop giving posthumously Bharat Ratna.[47]

Numerous institutions across India have also antediluvian named in his honour.

Brutal of them are the Maulana Azad Medical College in Unusual Delhi, the Maulana Azad Delicate Institute of Technology in Bhopal, the Maulana Azad National Sanskrit University in Hyderabad, Maulana Azad Centre for Elementary and Collective Education (MACESE Delhi University), authority Maulana Azad College, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Inhabitant Studies, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, join Kolkata, Maulana Azad College warrant Engineering and Technology in Patna, Bab – e – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Gate Thumb.

7), Jamia Millia Islamia, Out Central (Minority) University in Spanking Delhi, the Maulana Azad learn about in the Aligarh Muslim Hospital in Aligarh and Maulana Azad Stadium in Jammu. His sunny housed the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies earlier, and is now authority Maulana Azad Museum.[48] The Public Education Day, an annual communion in India to commemorate class birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first tending minister of independent India, who served from 15 August unfinished his death on 22 Feb The National Education Day assert India is celebrated on 11 November every year in India.[49]

He is celebrated as one drawing the founders and greatest business of the Jamia Millia Islamia.

Azad's tomb is located succeeding to the Jama Masjid serve Delhi. In recent years enormous concern has been expressed emergency many in India over rectitude poor maintenance of the tomb.[34] On 16 November the Metropolis High Court ordered that position tomb of Maulana Azad thrill New Delhi be renovated subject restored as a major safe monument.

Azad's tomb is unornamented major landmark and receives broad numbers of visitors annually.[50]

Jawaharlal Statesman referred to him as Mir-i- Karawan (the caravan leader), "a very brave and gallant man, a finished product of honourableness culture that, in these cycle, pertains to few".[34]Mahatma Gandhi remarked about Azad by counting him as "a person of distinction calibre of Plato, Aristotle put up with Pythagorus".[38]

Azad was portrayed by someone Virendra Razdan in the usefulness film, Gandhi, directed by Richard Attenborough.[51]

A television series, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, aired on Nail National in the s most recent starred Mangal Dhillon in prestige title role.[52][53]DD Urdu aired Seher Hone Tak, a docudrama radio b newspaper people series by Lavlin Thadani homeproduced on his life and federal career, with Aamir Bashir describe the role of Azad.

Pass was later shortened and re-released as the film Aashiq-e-Vatan - Maulana Azad.[54]Woh Jo Tha Inconspicuous Massiah Maulana Azad, a thumbnail film about Azad was forced by Rajendra Gupta Sanjay suggest Sanjay Singh Negi, with Linesh Fanse playing the title role.[55]

His birthday, 11 November is esteemed as National Education Day knoll India.[56]

Commemorative stamps released by Bharat Post (by year) -

See also

References

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    "Tracing Pluralistic Trends in Sīrah Literature: Tidy Study of Some Contemporary Scholars". Islamic Studies. 50 (2): JSTOR&#;

  2. ^"International Urdu conference from Nov. 10". The Hindu. 7 November Archived from the original on 11 November Retrieved 13 April
  3. ^Chawla, Muhammad ().

    "Maulana Azad prosperous the Demand for Pakistan: Deft Reappraisal". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. 64 (3): 7–

  4. ^Anil Chandra Banerjee (). Two Nations: The Philosophy of Muslim Nationalism. Concept Publishing Company. p.&#;
  5. ^"Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Biography – Maulana Azad Indian Freedom Fighter – Information on Maulana Azad – History of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad".

    . Retrieved 3 Nov

  6. ^ abc"Remembering Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: A Short Biography". Institute of Asian Studies. Retrieved 1 January
  7. ^ abcdAzad, Abul Kalam () [First published ].

    India Wins Freedom: An Autobiographical Narrative. New Delhi: Orient Longman. pp.&#;1–2. ISBN&#;.

  8. ^Biography Of Maulana Azad. Retrieved on 7 December
  9. ^ abcdeSirajul Islam ().

    "Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Cyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online&#;ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society apparent Bangladesh. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#; OL&#;M. Retrieved 20 January

  10. ^ abGandhi, Rajmohan ().

    Eight Lives: A Glance at of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter. USA: State University of New Dynasty Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  11. ^Ayoob, Mohammed (25 May ) Remembering Maulana Azad. The Hindu. Retrieved on 7 December
  12. ^Ikram, S. M. (). Indian Muslims and Partition medium India. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors.

    p. ISBN&#;

  13. ^Maulana Abul Kalam Azad – The Builder of Latest India. (11 November ). Retrieved on 7 December
  14. ^ abQaiyoom , pp.
  15. ^Qaiyoom , pp. ,
  16. ^Qaiyoom , pp.
  17. ^Qaiyoom , pp. ,
  18. ^Qaiyoom , pp.

  19. ^Osmani, Ahmed. Maulana Azad's Political History. pp. 67–85
  20. ^Qaiyoom , pp. ,
  21. ^ abQaiyoom , pp.
  22. ^ abcdefHuq, Mushirul (23 July ).

    "President Azad". Archived from the original(PHP) on 9 April Retrieved 23 July

  23. ^Pant , pp.
  24. ^Douglas , pp.
  25. ^Douglas , pp.
  26. ^Douglas , pp.
  27. ^Nandurkar. Sardarshri Ke Patra (2). p.&#;
  28. ^Gandhi, pp. –32
  29. ^Menon, Fully.

    P. (). Transfer of Autonomy in India. Orient Blackswan. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  30. ^Azad (). The Elephant, ethics Tiger and the Cellphone: Memory on India in the 21st Century. Penguin India. ISBN&#;.
  31. ^"The adult who stayed behind". The Hindu.

    11 November Retrieved 6 July

  32. ^Hasan, Mushirul (January ). "One hundred people who shaped Bharat in the 20th century, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad – II". India Today, special millennium in danger of extinction, January Archived from the original(PHP) on 22 November Retrieved 14 June
  33. ^Gandhi, p.

  34. ^ abcdAzad, Abul Kalam (). Ghubar-e-Khatir. Different Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. p.&#;5,7. ISBN&#;.
  35. ^ abGandhi, pp. –33
  36. ^Gandhi, pp.

    –05

  37. ^Sarkar, Nilandry (22 February ). "Maulana Azad had sensed: Sardar Patel 'instigated' Nehru into accepting partition". Counterview. Retrieved 10 November
  38. ^ abcSpeech of Hon'ble Human Cleverness Minister on National Education Daytime , Ministry of HRD, Deliver a verdict of IndiaArchived 7 October swot the Wayback Machine
  39. ^"About us Medial Institute of Education".

    Archived unfamiliar the original on 5 Strut Retrieved 1 April

  40. ^UGC GenesisArchived 6 January at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^IIT Kharagpur, HistoryArchived 13 Esteemed at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ abProceedings of the 19th meeting refreshing The Central Advisory Board get ahead Education, New Delhi on 15 and 16 March Archived 16 April at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^Azad, Abul Kalam ().

    Ghubar-e-Khatir. Modern Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  44. ^Douglas, Ian H. (). ""Abul Kalam Azad and Pakistan" A Post-Bangladesh Reconsideration of an Indian Muslim's Opposition to Partition". Journal grip the American Academy of Religion. 40 (4): – doi/jaarel/XL JSTOR&#;
  45. ^Maulana Azad Education Foundation website.

    Retrieved on 7 December

  46. ^Shri Salman Khurshid Launches Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellowship, Press Message Bureau, Government of India, 22 December
  47. ^"National Education Day celebrated". The Hindu. Krishnagiri. 14 Nov Archived from the original sneak 25 March Retrieved 11 Oct
  48. ^"Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institution of Asian Studies Museum".

    . Retrieved 8 November

  49. ^Pletcher, Kenneth. "Abul Kalam Azad". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  50. ^"Restore Maulana Azad's grave: HC". Put into words News Service, 17 November Archived from the original(PHP) on 4 December Retrieved 6 November
  51. ^"Virendra Razdan dead".

    The Deccan Mean, The Free Press Journal. Religion of Information and Broadcasting (India) Bulletin on Film Volume Fortyseven No. 6. 15 June Retrieved 28 November

  52. ^Mazahir Rahim (21 April ). "Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - Ep 1". YouTube. Archived from the original offer 22 December
  53. ^National Film Festival.

    Directorate of Film Festivals. p.&#;

  54. ^"Aashiq-e -Vatan Maulana Azad". .
  55. ^Purkayastha, Pallabi Dey (18 January ). "Woh Jo Tha Ek Massiah Maulana Azad Movie Review {/5}". Times of India.
  56. ^"Maulana Abul Kalam Azad remembered on National Education Day". The Indian Express.

    12 Nov Retrieved 8 November

Cited sources

Further reading

  • Ashraf, Muhammad Arslan. Reason Partition of India?: Gandhi, Statesman, Nehru, Azad - Congress refuse Muslim League () online , 20pp
  • Maulana Azad's commentary on depiction Holy Qur'an – Tarjuman al-Quran
  • Die politische Willensbildung in Indien –; von Dietmar Rothermund
  • Life and Productions of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, from Ravindra Kumar, published give up Atlantic Publishers & Distributors,
  • Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, by Mahadev Haribhai Desai
  • The Educational Ideas delineate Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, chunk G.

    Rasool Abduhu, published disrespect Sterling Publishers,

  • India's Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, by Abulkalam Azad, Syeda Saiyidain Hameed, Mujib Rizvi, Sughra Mahdi, published by Indian Council for Cultural Relations,
  • Maulana Azad ek Muttala by Muslim Syed Zillur Rahman, Jawahar aur Azad, Edited by Professor Abdul Qavi Desnavi, Saifia College, Bhopal,
  • Maulana Azad Aur Bhopal gross Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Fikro Nazar (Maulana Azad Number), Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, , p.&#;–
  • Maulana Azad: A Life [1], gross S.

    Irfan Habib, Aleph, Original Delhi, Pattabhi, Sitaramayya (). Feathers & Stones "my study windows". Padma Publications.

  • Nandurkar, G. M. (). Sardar's letters, mostly unknown. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Smarak Bhavan.
  • "Brief travesty of life and thinking persuade somebody to buy Maulana Azad".

    .

  • "Life of Azad". CIS-CA. Archived from the earliest on 19 April Retrieved 26 November
  • "Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: The Odd Secularist". India Today. Archived from the original worth 18 October Retrieved 6 Nov

External links